Migration In Malaysia and Economic Impact

Migration In Malaysia and sparingal ImpactThrough place human history, migration of human beings is a pre-requisite of human promote and formulatement. Without migration, human being would be doomed to an existence worse than that of the animals. nonwithstanding animals migrate to seek a get out life sentence. The first humans migrated out of Southern Africa thousands of years ago and spread throughout the world and commonwealth have been moving some since then. People as salubrious as migrate because of factors handle wars, meagreness, discrimination, and for polity-making or even spectral indicates. In modern times, flock often migrate for security, head for the hills and even for education opportunities.Organised im migratory ram migration and free immigration in Malaysia took place under the British compound administration in the 19th century. During this period, the British required immigrant fight from China, India and Ind unitarysia to champion them in the exploitation of natural resources of the colonised countries establishing plantations and building foundation. It is mainly because of immigrant fag out provide a steady, adequate and cheap supply of surviveers at a time when the locals toil was either deemed unsuitable or was not kindle in working under the same harsh conditions as migrant labour. This period of free movement into Malaya saw large numbers arriving to work as well as returning home. However, because of free immigration and economic difficulties in the countries of origin, some(prenominal) immigrant workers decide to settle down in Malaya permanently.Malaysias quick economic development since indep give upence has relied on Malayan workers moving from rural-to-rural and rural-to-urban aras and immigrant workers, in particular from Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) and some other Asian countries. In the scale of movement from rural-to-rural atomic number 18as, rapid migration was swif t mainly by politics intervention in rural development and agriculture. Rural-to-urban migration accelerated subsequently organization intervention in urban and industrial development was stepped up, especially after the second Malaysia Plan.The muscularity and pull factors at the inter interior(a) level in the region alike caused workers to migrate to Malaysia for participation. The accelerated economic development programmes and the free burning high economic growth rates in Malaysia over rough three decades caused the influx of immigrant workers to meet the increasing demand in the Malaysian labour market.why PEOPLE MIGRATEThere argon many theories that exertion to explain why plenty migrate. Among others is the need and stress system30. This theory holds that every individual has got his own ask to be fulfilled. These needs take versatile forms including economic, social, psychological and cultural. The high the chances that an individuals needs will not able to be fulfilled, the higher(prenominal) the stress he suffers from. If this stress grows beyond tolerable limits, the individual will force himself to move to a antithetic bea, which seems to promise possible fulfilment of his needs.The migration of people from one democracy to some other sylvan is not a novel phenomena. Since early days of colonialism, the colonial powers travelled around the world in lookup for raw genuine and new territory. both(prenominal) of them moved to seek for freedom of worship and some even moved because of the instability of the government. The migration of Muslims from British India to form an Islamic press out of Pakistan is one of the longgest voluntary migrations in history31.Wars and disputes are another reason for mass movements of people and this kind of movement is categorized as refuges. Because of the shoes are so sincere, the international consciences were moved and many voluntary organisations were form to assist these refugees. The V ietnamese Boat People is a good archetype of the mass movement of people of this nature. Today, we lock away can see refugees fleeing their untaught because of war and a good example is the latest situation in Liberia and Sudan. These people who enter another country through unofficial conduct are cognize as illegal immigrants who later, may create conundrum to the host country.In modern days, seeking for a better life and a immutable economic system befit the main factors that influences migration. Sociologist have ample analysed migration in terms of the further-pull model32. This model differentiates between push factors that jampack people to leave home from pull factors that attract migrants to a new location. Push factors cash in ones chipss within sending states, that is, those that send migrants overseas, age the pull factors occur within receiving states, that is states that received migrants from abroad. Push factors are negative aspects of the sending count ry, term pull factors are positive aspects of the receiving country33. In fact, these differentiating factors are unfeignedly two sides of the same coin.In moving migrants must not besides see a lack of benefits at home but likewise a surplus of benefits abroad. There are also to a greater extent uncertain factors, called mesh topology factors that can either facilitate or deter migration. Generally, the network factors are the networks of friends and relatives already settled in destination countries that serve as sources of information and anchor communities for newcomers34. The network factors also include, cost of travel, the ease of communion and international business trend. These factors are not related to a peculiar(prenominal) country, but still have a profound effect on international migration.The Pull FactorGenerally, at that place are two factors attracting migrants to receiving countries. First, the higher standards of life sentence and higher wages economic p rovide the some(prenominal) biggest push and pull factors for potential migrants35. Second, Labour Demand al near all positive countries have found that they need immigrant labour. Rich economies create millions of jobs that domestic workers winnow out to fill but immigrant workers will cross b baffles to take36. In the case of Malaysia, a wave of labour migration began in the early 70s where shortage of labour became critical especially in the plantation sectors. In mid 80s, the labour shortage becomes acute and this has attracted more immigrant workers into the country.The Push FactorGenerally, there are several reasons driving people to emigrate from their home country. First, lack of jobs/poverty economic provides the main reason behind migration37. In some countries jobs scarce do not exist for a great deal of the population. In others, the gap between the rewards of labour in the sending and receiving country are great enough so as to warrant a move. Second, civilised st rife, war, political and religious persecution some migrants are impelled to cross national borders by war or persecution at home38. close to of these migrants end up in receiving countries as refugees or asylum seekers. Third, environmental problems39 environmental problems and natural disasters often cause the loss of money, homes and jobs.The NetworkingThe demand-pull of jobs is linked to the supply push of low wages and job littleness by migration networks. Migration network encompasses everything that enables people to learn about opportunities abroad and take advantage of them. others are motivated to go abroad by family members who are working or settled down in the host country, contractors, labour brokers and other often-shadowy middlemen or tekong who promise the migrants better deals.WHY MALAYSIA BECOME MIGRANT DESTINATIONThe theory of migration occurs because of the sending and receiving factors mainly collectible to the push-pull and supply-demand forces. The influx of immigrant workers to Malaysia is not a recent phenomena. Malaysia replicates the complexity of international migration that exercises both of imports and exports of labour. Better economic growth and Malaysias geographical location that shares common borders with it neighbouring countries has become a pull-factor for migration to Malaysia. In contrast, the economic disparity, inequality and poverty in the country of origin serve as the push-factor for them to migrate, looking for jobs and better living. Generally, there are many other reasons why these immigrant workers choose Malaysia as their destination. First, Malaysia geographical location, second, the stable and levelheaded government, third, labours shortage, fourth, higher wages and finally, the employer attitudes.Geographical LocationMalaysia geographical location, which is in the centre of South East Asia is easily accessible either by land or sea. In addition, the easy access and the shortage of enforcing agencies alo ng the extended shores and entry points into Malaysia have caused the entry of many illegal immigrants undetected. immutable and Sound GovernmentSince independence, Malaysia has been governed by a stable government and with sound economic growth. This political and economical stability has become the main tenderness for migration. Comparatively, Malaysia has been seen as the most stable nation in this region in comparison to her neighbours. As such, others have regarded this country as an oasis in the region.Labour ShortageMalaysia has been experiencing a very high level of industrial development and it has developed further to be classified as a newly industrialized country. Therefore, from the human assets perspective the country has generated a vast demand of the work force especially un consummate workers for immediate employment in the industrial and manufacturing sectors. The labour shortage in Malaysia has become an grievous issues and employing immigrant workers is conside red to be the most viable short-term solution.Higher WagesGenerally, the immigrant workers in Malaysia can be regarded as an economic migrant. Comparatively, Malaysian employers pay higher wages to the immigrant workers for a similar job back home. This situation is set out even worse, where the wages offered is considered low for the local workers. Thus, it opens the job opportunities to the immigrant workers.The Employer AttitudeThe Malaysian employers attitude is also another pulling factors that attracted foreign workers. Beside that, it is suspected that there has been a simultaneous entry of huge number of illegal workers as well. Similar to the legal workers, the illegal workers were also employed in the construction, manufacturing and wait on sectors at a very low wage rate. It is a known fact that employers prefer this arrangement for various reasons such as a lower overhead cost and preventing them from registering to the Employees Provident Fund (EPF), Social credentia ls Organization (SOCSO), medical and social benefits. For the illegal immigrants, because of their unlawful status, they become less demanding in terms of salary and other privileges. As for the employers, in order to boost their production, the illegal immigrant workers can be easily employed to work extra hours with minimum wages.THE MIGRANT COUNTRY OF ORIGINMost of the immigrant workers in Malaysia came from her neighbouring countries Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand40. However, in early 90s, immigrant workers from Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal and few other countries started to dominate the Malaysias labour workforce. Therefore, it is only when realistic to identify the country of origin of the immigrant workers and examine the push factors that make them migrate to this country.Indonesia creation the largest country in this region with 1.9 million sq km, Indonesia is confront administrative problems in trying to govern the nations vast regions equally. To develop the str ong country, it requires massive effort and resources and this have created a gap between the provinces. or so parts of the country enjoy multi multi-fold development while others are still left far behind41.The problems of socio- deliverance seem to have centred on its big population, since Indonesia is the fourth most populous country with approximately 225 million. The Indonesian economy is dependence on oil and gas, plywood, textiles, rubber and palm oil. However, the limited resources and infrastructure on hand(predicate) were not adequate to accommodate the demands of ontogeny population42. This among other factors has caused poverty, which is estimated 24% of its population. Beside that, unprecedented turmoil in recent years, first the Asian financial crisis, followed by the fall of President Suharto, the first free pick since 1960, the loss of East Timor, independence demands from restive provinces, bloody inter-ethnic and religious conflict and devastating tsunami had w orsen the economic situation, increased the inflation and unemployment rates.ThailandLike Indonesia, Thailand is also facing the problem of poverty, where 80% of the population lives in the rural areas and most of them are poor farmers. The reason is simple the Thai government is concentrating more on defence rather than the socio-economy development of the country.PhilippinesThe Philippines, which consist of 3,666 islands, is facing almost similar problem like Indonesia in terms of administration and developments of the provinces. Beside that, religious conflict between Islam and Christian has confabd serious threat to the country. This is mate with the uneven development between the provinces, which has created a disparity situation amongst the citizen while the armed revolution by the militant groups in Southern Philippines stead a major threat to its internal security.BangladeshThis small country with a large population is facing many problems. The high rates of poverty and p olitical instability of the country has influenced the citizen to look for better opportunities in other countries. The country also constantly experiences natural disaster such as floods and drought, which made the situation worst.MyanmarThe close policy of Myanmar to the outside world is one of the reasons for the backwardness of the country. The poverty rates is very high amongst the population of 85% Buddhist. Being a poor country, Myanmar faces the same socio-economy problem and political instability, which abash the development of the country.NepalWith its ancient culture and the Himalaya as a backdrop, the landlocked farming of Nepal has for many years been the destination of choice for foreign travellers in search of adventure. The country with an area of 147,181 sq km and 26.3 million people is one of the poorest countries in the world where more than 40% of its population is estimated to live in poverty. Being a landlocked country with limited agriculture and other indus tries, Nepal economy relies mainly on tourist industries.However, the current political turmoil and the growing Maoist guerrilla insurgency movement that keeps the tourist away are now undermining the Nepal economies. Maoist rebels have been waging a campaign against the constitutional monarchy in a conflict that has left more than 11,000 people dead since it started in 1996. Based on the UN reports, it is indicated that, the rebellion has displaced more than 100,000 people43. Nepal also has been at odds with neighbouring Bhutan over the repatriation of thousands of refugees living in camps in Nepal. The refugees, Bhutanese of Nepalese descent fled violence in their homeland in early 1990s. With these current problems, worsen economy and political situation has drive away the people to look for a better living in other countries.Other CountriesOther than the countries mentioned, there are also immigrant workers from India, Pakistan, China, Middle East and even African countries. Th ese countries are also facing the same socio-economy problem and political instability. However, the numbers is not as high as the other immigrants from the Malaysias neighbouring countries. Some enter the country legally but had extended their stay although their endorse had expired. Their main reason in doing so is to earn a better living in this country.SUMMARYIn summary, Malaysia needs the immigrant workers for the development, but their charge should not dominate the labour work force because they will decidedly pose some positive and negative impact as well as threat to the national security. The positive and negative impact of their front line varies. From the economic perspective, their employment helped the continuous development and economic growth of the country by filling the gap of the acute labour shortages. On contrary, their presence and employment depress wages and this has reduced the competitiveness of local workers and frustrates attempt made by the trade un ions to improve their working terms and conditions. A productive and competitive workforce is crucial for Malaysia in order to develop a knowledge-based economy and to achieve its aspiration of becoming a to the full developed nation. However, most of the immigrant workers are unskilled or semi skilled labours with lower academic background. Therefore, the government has to formulate a comprehensive policy governing this requirement, which will definitely incur extra cost and procedures to the employer. As a result of this bureaucracy, the employer often blamed the process of importing workers as being lengthy and tedious process. Therefore, they recruited illegal workers who are readily available for employment.Socially, being less educated, poor and lower social class, these immigrants workers seem to be un-stabled economically, physically and mentally. As a result, negative contestations for a better living can emerged from these situations. For example their incursion into non -designated jobs like petty trading imposes needless competition to the local traders. They also compete with the locals for cheaper housing especially in the urban areas, which resulted the rise in rental and short supply of houses. Some of them are even move into developing new illegal squatters and this has impose strain on the basic amenities in the areas. Any slightest conflicts resulted from this competition might turn into social clashes between the immigrants and the locals.Immigrant workers have also been seen as a threat to security and political stability. This stems from their ignorance of the countrys law. This can be seen from various activities such as, illegal entry, involve in criminal activities, over staying, interruption government land illegally, and many others. These activities will definitely have serious implication on security. Illegal entry for examples, implies that Malaysias has porous borders and was unable nurse the borders, allowing not only econom ic migrants to come through but also any subversive elements. Illegal entry will also enables those with patrimonial diseases to filter through and spread it to the population.

How Sustainable Is Industrial Agriculture Environmental Sciences Essay

How Sustainable Is industrial land Environmental Sciences EssayAgriculture may search to be a pre-modern economic activity in which the method or the expression it is carried out is old-fashioned. However, industrialization, scientific development and mechanization have affected market-gardening wish many a(prenominal) diorama of life, which created a brand new border Industrial Agriculture. Industrialized floriculture or industrial nurtureing evoke be defined as the re perpetratement of human race labor with capital of the United States intensive tools and inputs heavily dependent on fossil fuels, the consolidation of acquire orbit, and increasingly centralized control over the distribution of solid provender resources.(Thu and Dunenberger 1998). The refinement of industrial market-gardening is to profit yield and decrease costs of production, which is wherefore the raise is seen as a manufactory with inputs similar pesticides or plant nutrient and outputs like corn or chicken. (Horrigan, Lawrence, pushcart 1). Thanks to the industrial culture, the mass-production in market-gardening came into existence. Comp atomic number 18d to the old method, we tail assembly pass body of piss much to a enormo engager extent now. clownish food, including fleshlys, end be supplied in a short time with more outcomes. Therefore, there is no doubt that in many ways industrial horticulture appears to be a beneficial development and a high stage in agricultural method. However, it seems to be what it has brought is non as salient as what it is taking away. The mechanization of agriculture and the persona of chemics, fertilizers and pesticides have induced abundant problems in milieu, wellness and the economic chassis of farmers. That is why, in this paper, I completelyow for argue that industrial agriculture is unsustainable beca affair it leads to dehydrated conditions for both workers and consumers, has disconfirming set u p on surroundings and causes poverty.The send-off aspect that makes industrial agriculture unsustainable is the wellness problems due to the conditions in work place, the use of pesticides, anti-biotic and fertilizers and the equipment use in the industrial agriculture. Workers are the first group of peck who are exposed to the unhealthy conditions caused by the industrial agriculture. set-back of all, because of the equipment like farm machinery, tractors, hoes and etc., the accidents are popular thus farts for workers. The consequence of these mannequins of accidents may be losing a hand, foot, small injuries or death. In 1946, data from all industrial groups show that the largest number of occupational deaths, 4,500, occurred in agriculture ( Axelrod 2). This data only belongs to USA so the number that includes more countries will increase the number of death also. Thus, accidents are a sombre problem in industrial agriculture. Moreover, because of the high noise image from sources like tractors, harvesters and grain dryers, causes hearing loss among workers. According to Marvel farmers experience high than expected rates of hearing loss starting in their teenage years (Kendall 2)In addition to the accidents and noise exposure, the use of chemicals and pesticides in agriculture also creates unhealthy conditions for workers. Poisoning caused by chemical fertilizers seems to be face up by workers frequently. Pesticides used as plant sprays create a disaster to the farm worker either in the process spraying or of harvesting ( Axelrod 2). Thus, the chemicals and pesticides are terrible treat to the health of farm workers and the al intimately common illnesses because of these is poisoning. Furthermore, as Kendall points out, the dermatoses, especially skin cancer, and respiratory diseases are among the most pervasive health problems in industrial agriculture (1). Toxic exposure is the important reason for dermatoses. More specifically, exposur e to pesticides, chemical solvents, engine exhaust, animal virsues and different substances commonly run aground in an industrialized farm operation are the reasons for dermatoses and especially skin cancer (Kendall 1). separate common health problem among farm workers is respiratory diseases. The condition in the work place and the material used for the works are again the reason for these kinds of problems. moving-picture show to irritant, virulent gases and dusts on the farm causes respiratory diseases. The kind of illnesses as a result from this includes chronic bronchitis, occupational asthma, organic dust toxic syndrome, farmers lung and silo filler (Kendall 2). Thus, respiratory diseases can seriously damage farm workers. In short, because of the condition of the work place, the equipment used in the work and the use of pesticides and chemicals, industrial agriculture creates an unhealthy condition that causes serious health problems for workers.In addition to the farm workers, consumers also suffer from unhealthy production and condition created by industrial agriculture. The use of chemicals and pesticides are causing few health problems for consumers as it is for workers. statistical data provides us with information that makes it rather clear that the use of pesticides leads to serious health problems including fatal diseases. One of this data demonstrates that about 67,000 pesticide poisonings resulting in an estimated twenty-seven accidental fatalities are reported each year in the US in developing countries situation is worse (Pimental, Culliney, Bashore 2). Thus, again, the poisonings are frequent diseases resulted from the use of pesticides. More serious health problems like cancer can also occur because of pesticides. The International Agency for Research on Cancer found sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in cardinal pesticides and limited evidence in additional sixteen pesticides (Pimental, Culliney, Bashore 2). In other words, t here are eighteen pesticides which we are sure that can make peck cancer. Since in industrial agriculture pesticides are being used excessively, the food that is produced by industrial agriculture is a serious treat for consumers. different than the use of pesticides, so called factory style animal agriculture also creates health problems for consumers. The boundary factory style animal production implies the animal production in which unnatural method like using chemicals is being held. Pathogens like salmonella, laisteria and toxoplasma cause foodborn illnesses. These kinds of bacteria occur in chickens but they manoeuver to humans done meat. They can cause severe diarrhea and nausea and occasionally produce fatal diseases.(Horrigan, Lawrence, footnote 5). One may ask that if these bacteria transmit trough meat, why is the industrial agriculture guilty for these health problems? Horrigan, Lawrence and cart give the answer The crowded condition of factory cultivation increas e the level of contamination and the high-speed, automated methods of slaughtering and processing the animals make it difficult to chance that contamination.(6) Furthermore, the other common characteristic of factory style animal agriculture that causes health problems for consumers is the se of antibiotics. Unnatural or produced antibiotics are fed to animals. The remnant is to promote growth in production. However, excessive use of such drugs in animals can enhance the development of drug resistant strain of disease, which can be transmitted to humans trough the food supply.(Horrigan, Lawrence, handcart 8). In other words, the excessive use of these antibiotics may make people little resistant to disease and make them ill more easily. The last aspect that industrial agriculture causes health problems is genetically engineered food. It is easy to guess this kind food creates heath problems because they are not natural. This kind of food includes organisms not previously eaten by humans.(Horrrigan, Lawrence, Walker 8), which may cause new allergens. Therefore, as there are organisms that we have not eaten before in genetically engineered food, it is likely that new allergens can emerge.The second reason why industrial agriculture is unsustainable is its blackball effects on environment. Concerning environmental problems caused by industrial agriculture, the use of fertilizers and pesticides again seems to be the most important problem like it is about heath problems. It is a fair question to ask why the use of fertilizers and pesticides is so intense, if it causes so many problems? It seems to be the answer is enigmatical in the definition of industrial agriculture given in the first paragraph. The industrial agriculture is a farm like a factory and it is aspiration is to produce more to profit more. The negative effects are not as important as the profit. Therefore, as the primary(prenominal) goal is to earn notes, health or environment are second or even third concerns. We can now continue to examine the negative effects on environment after this brief explanation.The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is serious problem for the environment and their rate of use is continuing to increase. The main problem about fertilizers arises from the fact that crops absorb ternion to one-half of the nitrogen.(Horrigan, Lawrence, Walker 3). Excess nitrogen creates dead zone because it diminishes the oxygen in the piddle. This drives complete the mobile sea life and kills immobile bottom dwellers. One great example of this is Gulfs dead zone in New Jersey ( Horrigan, Lawrence, Walker 3). This nitrogen runoff also affects the ecosystem balance in a negative way, which is direct danger for environment. The use of pesticides is another problem because it causes decline in bird and beneficial biting louse populations which disrupt the balance between pirana and prey.(Horrigan, Lawrence, Walker 3). As a result of this the pests are r ecovering faster, which can damage the agriculture directly. The reduction of biodiversity is another outcome. Syntheric chemicals reduce biodiversity in the insect world. This may not sound as a libellous result. However, the existing problem is the death of the wild bees and other beneficial species by pesticides (Horrigan, Lawrence, Walker 3). The creation of imbalance in nature harms the biodiversity and kills the species that are beneficial to human kind.The effects of the industrial agriculture on soil demonstrate how prejudicial it can be on environment. Land degradation seems to be the first negative result of industrial agriculture. since World War II, poor farming practices had damaged about 550 cardinal hectares-an area equivalent to 38% of all farm impose in use today.(Horrigan, Lawrence, Walker 4). Because of industrial agriculture, more that one-third of the farm trim back had damaged. Considering world hunger, industrial agriculture had damaged all people by damag ing that much of the discharge because the bring down could have been used efficiently, which could have supplied people with food or even land. The reason for why that much of land had damaged is that industrial agriculture depends on effectual machinery that compacts the soil, destroying soil structure and killing beneficial organisms in the soil food web.(Horrigan, Lawrence, Walker 4). Therefore, regarding soil, industrial agriculture is not sustainable.In terms of land, industrial agriculture is not very beneficial either. Land degradation has been a serious problem for a long time. The worlds supply of cultivatable land per person has been declining steadily. (Horrigan, Lawrence, Walker 4). Desertification is a rather effective kind of land degradation. It can be defined as land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various factors including climatic variations and human activities. and 15% of al land surface has been experiencing land desert ification. (Horrigan, Lawrence, Walker 4). This means that less land is uncommitted for agriculture. How can a type of agriculture be sustainable, if it reduces the land to use for agriculture? Less land means less family that are pleasant in agriculture and less food to supply people with. The reasons for land degradation and desertification are over cultivation, overgrazing and over use of water.(Horrigan, Lawrence, Walker 4). Thus, the main reason is over using land and water but if the land degradation continues, in the end there will be no land to over use.The use of water is another aspect where the negative effects of industrial agriculture can be observed. The pollution of water seems to be the sources of problems that industrial agriculture causes because when farming practices pollute surface water and aquifers, they reduce the amount of water that is suitable for other uses.( Horrigan, Lawrence, Walker 4). Other users may be any plant, animals or person. The main point is that some practices of industrial agriculture pollute water and this waste water indemnification many other potential users. The pollution in most of the generation stems from runoff of chemicals, silt and animal waste. (Horrigan, Lawrence, Walker 4). Again industrial agriculture seems to be for the benefit of only a few people, while it is harmful for many other people, animals or plants.Together with the problems concerning health and environment, the poverty caused by industrial agriculture is the last aspect that makes it unsustainable. One fact may be the starting point of poverty caused by industrial agriculture, which in seventy years, although the US population has doubled, the number of American farmers has declined from seven million to two million (Kimbrell 17). There may be two reasons for this. First one is land degradation, which is mentioned above, caused by industrial agriculture. Because of land degradation, the amount of arable land is diminishing, which leads to the loss of farm communities. As the farmers who were engaged in agriculture before finds no land, the poverty seems inevitable. The second reason may be higher costs of industrial agriculture. As industrial agriculture requires mechanization, the use of pesticides and chemicals, it is hard for farmers to continue in agriculture. Capital is needed for industrial agriculture, which many farmers do not have. Therefore, the farms concentrate on very few people that have the capital to invest, which again causes the lass of farm communities and naturally poverty.The other reason for poverty caused by industrial agriculture is the increasing cost of food. Although industrial agriculture made it possible to produce more, the price of food is increasing (Kimbrell 15). However, paradoxically farmers do not earn more than they did before. The salary gained from the increasing price of food go to the corporate middlemen, not to the farmers (Kimbrell 17). Other than farmers, society as a intact is becoming poor because of industrial agriculture as well. While food pricing is increasing, we spend money to the heath and environmental problems caused by industrial agriculture. Therefore, we pay more for the food and also we spend more money on health and environment because of industrial agriculture, which makes poverty a problem for the whole society. Poverty for farmers and for the whole society again demonstrates that industrial agriculture is not sustainable.In conclusion, even though industrial agriculture is a development in agriculture as it increases production, it takes more than it gives so it is unsustainable. Negative effects of it on heath, environment and economy are the reasons for why industrial agriculture is unsustainable. Creation of health problems both for workers and consumers because of the use of pesticides, chemical and the conditions of work place causing toxic exposure and accidents is thanks to industrial agriculture. The use of pesticides , chemicals, land degradation and water pollution are the environmental problems created by industrial agriculture. The loss of farm communities and expensive food price are the results of industrial agriculture, which causes poverty. All these reasons seem to demonstrate that industrial agriculture is unsustainable. The solution to these problems may not be going back to the old fashion way of agriculture in which there is no room for mechanization, pesticides or chemicals. All this chemicals or machines should be used for human good, not to gain more profit. Therefore, the problem is not the kind of things that is used in agriculture the real problem is the transaction of production or the social form in which these kinds of things are used. Therefore, in order to achieve sustainable agriculture, we should first abolish the possibility of make profit by industrial agriculture. Then, we should collectivize the means of production and skillful use them for the human good.WORK CIT EDAxelrod, S. J. Health Problems in Industrialized Agriculture School of Public Health. September 1949 1172-1175. Print.Horrigan, Leo, Lawrence Robert S. ,Walker, Polly. How Sustainable Can Agriculture manage the Environmental and homosexual Health Harms of Industrial Agriculture. Environmental Health Perspective, Vol.110 No.5 may 2002. 445-456. PrintKendall, M. Thu. The Health Consequences of Industrial Agriculture for Farmers in the United States. Human Organization. Fall 1998. PrintKimbrell, Andrew. Fatal Harvest The Tragedy of Industrial Agriculture. Washington, DC Island Press, 2002. PrintPimentel, D., T.W. Culliney, T. Bashore. http//ipmworld.umn.edu/chapters/pimentel.htm

The Democratization Of Work Management Essay

The Democratization Of Work Management EssayThe take of the labor party education and its relevance in organizational strategies and profession ideals offers a dense foray of discussion on the achievement of leadership and managerial objectives. This topic encourages an ongoing inquiry into one of the key leverage of our current HRM ac noesis as employee train outlines. This assignment begins with a brief discussion of employee potency as popular organizational initiative and the plentys confederations perspective on employee eruditeness schemes. I will house a snapshot description of grasp education and workers appointment and its objective of combining education as a counselings approach to workers empowerment.EmpowermentToday, the conventional bureaucratic management approaches be no longer efficient.Empowerment of workers is one of management strategy applied straightaway by corporations in reaction to the indigence for change. However, empowerment is pennyered on a series of hypothesis that atomic number 18 in disparity to those usually made by managers. Empowerment jeopardizes managers power over workers in terzetto directions d proclaimward, inward, and discoverward (Foegen, 1998). D proclaimward loss of carry crowd out be discerned by the delegation of decision making to front-line staff. Many managers, near of which take a crap more than upbringing and education than line employees, consider delegating decisions to a slight qualified-person is not rational. They deem they atomic number 18 the or so competent to make these judgments and they are the only ones that should make them (Foegen, 1998).Empowered workers are thought to have will power of their work process and a commitment to its continuous breeding. This implies that empowerment backside allow employers to improve performance by allowing staff to make decisions closely their work environment by allowing workers more freedom and autonomy. Wilkinson (1998) argues that employee empowerment is a managerially led inventivenessUnlike industrial democracy there is no notion of workers having a obligation to a say it is employers who decide whether and how to empower employees. While there is a wide range of programs and initiatives which are name empowerment and they vary as to the extent of power which employees actually exercise, most are purposefully designed not to give workers a veridical signifi disregardt section in decision making but alternatively to secure an sharpend employee contribution to the organisation. Empowerment takes place within the stage setting of a strict management agenda. (p. 40)Wilkinson (1998) thus implies that empowerment is consequently a managerially controlled event working at a workbased rather than a strategical level within the business. Honold (1997) supports this notion by considering empowerment as control of ones work, autonomy on the job, variations of teamwork, and pay governances that li nk pay with performance (p. 202).Businesses can build an empowered environment if they provide employees information, power, pickaxs, and development, and consistent follow-up with course credit and corroboration. However, empowering employees is an incessant course of action. Companies that take the first step by supporting an environment of empowerment are expected to be the industrys leaders.Trade unions and learn rhetoricOver the last two decades, the existing rhetoric border workplace knowledge, teamwork, and the learning organization within the agenda of promoting a knowledge economy has had an impact on trade union membership and union power in the US and UK (Bratton et al., 2004). Labels, such as shared self-command (Senge, 1990, p. 13), engagement (quoted in Schwind et al., 2007 p. 471) and owner of the business (ibid, 2007) all in the infix of globalization and modify production are often eluded to marginalize unions (Bratton et al., 2004). We need to keep in mi nd that workplace learning is about workers learning to develop into a more proficient and accommodating human resource (Spencer, 1994) and should be examined through an exploitative pedestal of the human capital theory. In many cases, workers are directed to convey the suggestion that there are no permanent jobs and to adhere to flexibility, cuts in their wages and benefits (Bratton et al., 2004). Today, the churn achievement is often silenced and manipulated under the pretext of workers being labeled by companies as partners and associate partnership agreements (Bratton et al, 2004) emphasizing employer rights, including in some cases, refuting the right to democratically decide their own union steward (Wray, 2001).Some companies are likewise discouraging workers away from unionization and to constrain workers to company objectives1. It has been argued by Robertson and his colleagues that many workers still find unionism an effective way to democratize the workplace and to gu arantee a incarnate voice, and avenue to equality, and economic earnest (1989). A number of unions, notably the International Steelworkers of America, have embraced workers interest in workplace learning and have encouraged participatory practices (Bratton et al, 2004 p. 127). On the different hand, Wells (1993) claims that unions and HRM policies are in conflict, because of the imbalance of power between management and workers and that employees can only achieve equal power through their joint representation. According to Wells, unions make workplace democracy work better (1993). Unions provide a dispute to the total power of management and ensure workers have a say in workplace decisions that affect them through collective representation (Well, 1993).Evidence pull aheaded from union involvement have substantiate the problematic nature of workplace learning initiatives and with this in mind, have initiated their own unique workplace learning programs.Union based education c ommand and cookery is offered to their members and representatives to prepare workers to take a more active role in the union. In some cases, unions have developed complete training programs and have partnered with schools, such as McMaster University, to include labour education and work training opportunities for their union members (cited in Bratton et al. 2004 p. 108). Labour education has excessively alter over time, but the final outcome is still the same to in effect change the process in labour-management relations (ibid. p. 111). In their paper, Canadian labour education and PLAR at the turn of the century, the authors, Spencer, Britton and Gereluk provided exemplary examples of labour education courses offered by and for unions (2000). The choices of courses offered by these unions are diverse but most evolve nigh the particular structure of the shop stewards function. These courses are the tools needed to understand the legal framework of trade unions.A good deal o f the decisive publications also alleges that there is a contradiction between the unfermented HRM ideals and the trade unions with their traditional industrial relations and collective talk terms. Godard (1994) argues that the main motivation for managers to accept the forward-moving HRM processes is to shun or lessen trade union control. Nonetheless, he does admit that it would also be a mistake to view reformist practices as motivated solely or even primarily by this objective (1994, p. 155). Other critics have advocated that trade unions should embrace change by harmonizing the same aspects of the soft HRM model. Such a union approach would fire a partnership between businesses and organized labour which would transpire into a high-performance environment with common benefits for both the workers and the organization (Betcherman et al., 1994 Guest, 1995 Verma, 1995). What is apparent from this HRM viewpoint is that this perspective has a strong political and legal agenda r eflecting the step-down in union participation and influence in the US and UK over the last decade. Never has it been more important for unions to establish their legitimacy and their own distinctive workplace learning programs. I was directly involved with a three month labour education program with my local union OPSEU. I was introduced to trade unionism, labour policy and social justice issues. It provided me with critical approaches to current issues and it reinforced my idea that strong unions makes a strong company.I accept the conflicting nature of the working-class unionism born out of hard struggles between capital and labour and their logical acceptance that capitalist economy as the only carcass in todays world. But I also contend that active unionism may provide the best guess to democratize the bodied workplace. Professor Hugh Glegg (1960) makes a revealing comment, that collective bargaining through trade unions or joint regulation is industrial democracy.Employee maturement SchemesEmployee development is now, more than ever, a key issue within the HRM image. Against a background populated with concepts such as the learning organization and lifelong learning employers have been encouraged to capitalize on the learning capability of their employees, by encouraging learning activities. Research advocates that this style of non-vocational or non job-specific employee development pursuit has an array of benefits for both employer and employee (industrial Society, 1996). Ever since cut across initiated their revolutionary EDAP scheme in 1987, employee development schemes have progressed and expanded to the level where the term can now include a wide mixture of development ideas. To enhance the companys industrial relations, the union and management initiated an interactive learning delivery intranet system called Solstra2. This avenue presented a means of packaging learning on an intranet. The system also overseen the progress of learners, ke pt records of assessments and modules completed, and would operationly renew individual records of training and skills profiles. Within 6 months, 15,000 employees, depicting one-third of personnel, utilized the program (Mortimer, 1990). The Ford EDAP scheme attained an involvement rate of over 50 per cent in three years into its existence (Holden, 1996).The literary works suggests that although the initial option made by employees pertaining to the type of learning was entirely non-vocational, later choices were abandoned to shift in a more vocational direction (Holden, 1996). It is worthy that several case studies of EDS have noticed IT/computer skills courses to be one of the trendiest choices (Donaldson, 1993, 1996).Overall, the data suggests that the development of employees allows them to yield a more grand input to the achievement of business objectives. A highly skilled and limber workforce can give the competitive advantage requisite for success. The demonstrate woul d appear to suggest that many workers enroll to take part in an EDS to attain new skills to develop job prospects, continuing a personal leisure activity, or simply general self- development or accomplishment (Industrial Society, 1996). A benefactorful result frequently reported by participants is an improvement in their confidence, both in their capacity to learn and in themselves (Policy Studies Institute, 1993). This seems mainly to be the experience of workers with no prior training and who are more likely to have negative recollections of their educational experience.Many bodies of literary productions are littered with illustrations of individuals for whom partaking in their companys EDS has been a radical experience. The literature also proposes that employees may be more receptive to work-related training (Maguire Horrocks, 1995). It also bode hale for companies whose goal is to build a culture of learning within the company. Research findings also implies that the provi sion of work and non-work related training makes workers feel more committed, empowered and appreciated (HOST, 1998). This is particularly true of secondary level staff whose earlier experience of training was in-house and job-specific (Arulampalam, 1997). Employers presently observe enhanced learning skills and a flexible workforce as the most advantageous results of an EDS (Maurer Tarulli 1994). Another theme in which conclusive results has been recounted by EDS members is that of motivation at work (Maurer Tarulli 1994). It is hardly surprising, given that improved employee motivation is often mentioned by employers as a motive for initiating a scheme. EDS provision often seems to foster a better blood between staff and employer.Conclusion and DiscussionThe benefits of labour education and employee development schemes reported by employers and staff are numerous. The existing literature proposes that employers before long regard improved learning skills and a flexible workf orce as the clearest outcome. As well, it would seem that improved motivation, empowerment and confidence of workers are remarkable outcomes. The fact that employees are often more keen to learn, and have more confidence in their abilities as a result of participation, can help shift a company in the aim of becoming a learning organization. Overall, the development of employees can permit them to make a profound contribution to the success of a business. However, there is a penchant in the literature to slip from arguing workplace learning to empowerment to industrial democracy is the identical process and to presume that if a corporation is training its workforce that it is empowering its workers. Such statements need to be tested against employees as well as employer experience and placed in a more analytical understanding of the flexible workplace and the knowledge economy. Im not convinced that corporate leaders believe that empowering employees makes a company more effective . Empowering workers means sacramental manduction power or increasing workers control and the powerful in business rarely like allocating power. Debates of workplace learning need understand the real issues of power, authority, control, inequality, and ownership for real empowerment and workplace democracy. Slogans such as acquire in to company values and owning are an integral part of todays corporate arrangement (being accountable for your own accomplishments).Furthermore, it is important to understand the value of unions as a positive influence in democratizing the workplace. A long function employee, with a good union contract, may perhaps have vex to job security, but contemporary corporate position is for employees to take business of their own careers. This means more than meeting performance goals. It necessitate routine demonstration of eagerness, display of loyalty, and continuous display of commitment by gaining new skills, volunteering for new challenges and indicat ing a readiness to do more than is necessary or expected. Commendable employees are seasoned overachievers they have to be because doing more than is necessary or expected is precisely what is required and expected Employee empowerment is not the key to structural problems. This does not signify that it will not gravel wide acceptance and be hyped as a way to attain organizational excellence through workplace democracy. I believe that workplace learning is deliberated to assimilate workers into management culture labour education permits workers to challenge it.Godard, J. (1991) The progressiveHRMparadigm a theoretical and empirical re-examination, traffic Industrielles/Industrial Relations,46(2) 37899.Godard, J. (1994)Industrial Relations The Economy and Society, Toronto McGraw-HillRyerson.Godard, J. (1991) The progressiveHRMparadigm a theoretical and empirical re-examination,Relations Industrielles/Industrial Relations,46(2) 37899.Godard, J. (1994)Industrial Relations The Economy and Society, Toronto McGraw-HillRyerson.Godard, J. (1991) The progressiveHRMparadigm a theoretical and empirical re-examination,Relations Industrielles/Industrial Relations,46(2) 37899.Godard, J. (1994)Industrial Relations The Economy and Society, Toronto McGraw-HillRyerson.

Analysis of the Psalm of Life Poem

Analysis of the Psalm of vitality PoemThis poem dramatizes the conflict between the t heatingh of spirit lived in the mo custodyt and the neglect of the soul when a person focuses on things beyond his control namely the past and the future. There ar many themes uttered by the poet inside this work freedom, happiness, perseverance, truth, futility, spirituality and success. From the title one competency say that the theme is simply to seize the day Carpe Diem (Harmon, 2009, 87). The poems form is that of the spoken communication (324)and the poet encourages the reader to use their imagination. The boy choices and placement within its stanza evoke some(prenominal) a melody and emotion. There be nine stanzas that collapse up the composition and each contain the qualities of the quatrain consist of quartet lines in which lines dickens and four must rhyme while having the same number of syllables (452). Psalm of heart also carries the traits of the dramatic monologue in that t he narrator of the work is the poet himself (177).In stanza one, line one the poet assigns the description of mournful to the liking of numbers. This word was chosen to identify the sense of hearing those who apparently go through look as though it is a chore. The word mournful frames the feeling as though something was lost and captures the grief generated by that loss. Life is merely an empty daydream states why there are so many sorrowful within the hearing if there is no aim higher than what one go off gather on the earth then life itself has no purpose. The poet reveals his want in lines three through four of the first stanza For the soul is unfounded that slumbers/And things are not what they seem. Living life in a rut or for material reasons is the killer of the soul. The soul found unawares, which is what is implied by the word use of slumbers, is most vulnerable to eternal death. Line four tells the audience that they must look beyond the surface of the world as comfortably as beyond themselves. Life is real Life is earnest conveys an seriousness and a bit of desperation. An emphatic proclamation made in a way of a Southern Baptist preacher pleading with those on the elbow room to destruction to turn to the life of the soul. And the grave is not its goal underlines the idea that life is something to be actively engaged in and not further a pilgrimage to death. Dust thou are, to dust thou returnest, is referencing contemporaries 319 and seems to throw this plea for life into a argus-eyed that may speak to the religious up- manner of speaking of his audience. The poet makes a very important specialisation in the following line, Was not spoken of the soul. The creation of man is wholly unique from the rest of life on the earth because the Lord divinity fudge formed man of the dust of the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life and man became a living soul(Genesis 319). These two lines bring into the poets invocation the backing of scripture.Stanza four brings away the thought of futility Art is long, and Time is fleeting,/And our hearts, though stout and brassy,/ Still, like muffled drums, are beating funeral marches to the grave. It is as though the poet wants to remind his audience that every moment, every heartbeat is bringing them closer to the inevitable end ones life- metre. This further underlines the idea of seizing the day. In using the word fleeting the poet attempts to get across that time leave behind just continue on without regard for the individual- no matter how brave and firm ones heart might be. The poet is again underlining that life today is either one really has when faced with the flow of time. Stanza five, line 18 introduces a word that is unfamiliar in todays way of life bivouac. This word outlined in Merriam-Webster as a temporary or casual render or lodging and by itself holds the idea of the entire poem which is that this life is temporary. This stanza evokes ur gency through the use of the exclamation head up. The poet is telling his audience to be the hero of their own engagements rather than a pawn in the battle of another with the words Be not like the dumb, driven kine/ Be a hero in the strife. Stanza six addresses the two possible positions of the audience and bring to them some very specific supplications for those who are living for tomorrow the poet says, Trust no Future, howeer pleasant and for those who would lament the past, permit the dead Past bury its dead. The poet does not leave the audience wondering what their response should be but plainly states, Act, act in the living present Heart within, and God oerheadPeople derriere make what they will of their own lives and can follow the example of the great men that came before them, Lives of great men all remind us/We can make our lives sublime,. There is no secret that separates those who are great from those that run for through life without leaving an impression. It s eems as though the poet is saying that those who are considered great took advantage of the opportunities of their present. It is those people who departing, leave behind us/Footprints on the sand of time who provide encouragement not only to their generation, but for those in the generations to come Footprints, that perhaps another,/Sailing oer lifes solemn main,/A hopeless and shipwrecked brother,/Seeing shall take heart again.The final stanza brings a soft point to the compelling argument of the previous eight. It is as though the poet it taking the passel of the audience to pull them gently from the bed of their complacency. The hand held out shows that go along the road of today does not mean a journey travelled alone, Let us then be up and doing,/With a heart for any fate/Still achieving, still pursuing,/ Learn to jab and wait. The poet takes the hand of the reader now as he did during his own time and seems to say to each individual Let us move forward together.